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When you are trying to measure distances using a ruler, or measuring the width of something that cannot be stretched, you need to account for the bumpiness or unevenness caused by imperfections that form "hills and valleys" on the surface of your object. This is because these imperfections cause variations in how far the surfaces extend above and below one another. To calculate these distances, first lay your ruler down flat on level ground. Place your thumb about an inch from one edge of the ruler so it only extends 1/4th inch above ground level. Next, place the object to be measured 1 inch from the top of the ruler and push it down to just below 1/4th inch from the bottom. Now adjust your thumb so that it extends all the way to the bottom of the ruler. The mark nearest your thumb represents a distance measured from your thumb to your object. The mark farthest from your thumb represents a distance measured over and above this point...but you can't measure anything above it without lifting up! This is exactly what will happen when you try to measure distances over and above this point! In fact, these regions are called "overhangs". The bumpiness of the ruler causes this overhang region to represent an extra distance measured beyond the part that can be measured on a flat surface. Overhangs are represented on rulers by lines marking off the extra distance between any point along the edge of ruler and your thumb. These are called "extension marks". Extension marks also give you an idea of how bumpy or uneven your object is. You can use these markings to calculate distances above or below 1/4th inch along any edge of your object...using similar techniques!Richard Earnhart. Plane And Solid Mensuration, McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc. – New York – 1971 – ISBN – 0-07-015466-5 Richard Earnhart. Plane And Solid Mensuration. McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc. – New York – 1971Mensuration - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensuration Plane-Solid Mensuration - Basic Concepts - Quora https://www.quora.com/Plane-Solid-Mensuration---Basic-Conceptshttp://www.tutor2u .com/course/module8/page6 . htm http://www.mathsisfun .com/geometry/mensuration-2.html Project Gutenberg, a major source of free ebooks, http://www.gutenberg.net/browse/m/misc-usefulYoutube Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6qJF8UjrQQ Mensuration | Define Mensuration at Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mensurationPlane And Solid Mensuration (Book, 1971) [WorldCat.org] http://www.worldcat. cfa1e77820
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